一、Wind erosion at the dry-up bottom of Aiby Lake——A case study on the source of air dust（论文文献综述）
JTTE Editorial Office,Jiaqi Chen,Hancheng Dan,Yongjie Ding,Yangming Gao,Meng Guo,Shuaicheng Guo,Bingye Han,Bin Hong,Yue Hou,Chichun Hu,Jing Hu,Ju Huyan,Jiwang Jiang,Wei Jiang,Cheng Li,Pengfei Liu,Yu Liu,Zhuangzhuang Liu,Guoyang Lu,Jian Ouyang,Xin Qu,Dongya Ren,Chao Wang,Chaohui Wang,Dawei Wang,Di Wang,Hainian Wang,Haopeng Wang,Yue Xiao,Chao Xing,Huining Xu,Yu Yan,Xu Yang,Lingyun You,Zhanping You,Bin Yu,Huayang Yu,Huanan Yu,Henglong Zhang,Jizhe Zhang,Changhong Zhou,Changjun Zhou,Xingyi Zhu[1]（2021）在《New innovations in pavement materials and engineering:A review on pavement engineering research 2021》文中研究指明Sustainable and resilient pavement infrastructure is critical for current economic and environmental challenges. In the past 10 years, the pavement infrastructure strongly supports the rapid development of the global social economy. New theories, new methods,new technologies and new materials related to pavement engineering are emerging.Deterioration of pavement infrastructure is a typical multi-physics problem. Because of actual coupled behaviors of traffic and environmental conditions, predictions of pavement service life become more and more complicated and require a deep knowledge of pavement material analysis. In order to summarize the current and determine the future research of pavement engineering, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering（English Edition） has launched a review paper on the topic of "New innovations in pavement materials and engineering: A review on pavement engineering research 2021". Based on the joint-effort of 43 scholars from 24 well-known universities in highway engineering, this review paper systematically analyzes the research status and future development direction of 5 major fields of pavement engineering in the world. The content includes asphalt binder performance and modeling, mixture performance and modeling of pavement materials,multi-scale mechanics, green and sustainable pavement, and intelligent pavement.Overall, this review paper is able to provide references and insights for researchers and engineers in the field of pavement engineering.
Yue Li,Yougui Song,Dimitris G.Kaskaoutis,Jinbo Zan,Rustam Orozbaev,Liangcheng Tan,Xiuling Chen[2]（2021）在《Aeolian dust dynamics in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, since ～30 ka inferred from loess deposits》文中提出Knowledge of the interactions among atmospheric dynamics, dust emissions and climate system is essential to understand the physical mechanisms for the dust lifecycle, their role in loess formation as well as the predictions of future dust concentration. However, these issues still remain relatively poorly known in Central Asia（CA）. The extensive loess deposits on the CA pediments provide a promising archive to explore atmospheric dust dynamics and climatic conditions in the past and their association with loess formation. This study investigates the granulometric and magnetic properties of a loess section（named Osh section） in the Fergana Valley, which provides a sensitive record of atmospheric dust dynamics since 30 ka based on radiometric(AMS14C) dating. The frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility（χfd） and the mean grain size are used to reconstruct the broadscale effective moisture and summer atmospheric dynamics pattern in CA, respectively. The results show that the precession forcing exerts a huge influence on the wind-regime variabilities in CA, but with different physical processes under the impact of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet（NHIS） before and after 15 ka. The origin of the sedimentation rate variations in the Osh loess is also linked to the NHIS-modulated changes of the atmospheric circulation patterns. Either the strengthened westerlies or the increased surface roughness from higher vegetation cover in loess-deposition areas have significantly accelerated the loess accumulation. As a result, these complicated influence factors of sedimentation rate change in the Osh loess section, especially during the Holocene epoch, may hamper accessibility of the authentic dust emission flux and atmospheric dust concentration in CA.
QI Yu-han,PAN Mei-hui,HAO Ze-wen,YANG An-na,XUE Wen-xuan[3]（2021）在《Variations in aeolian landform patterns in the Gonghe Basin over the last 30 years》文中提出Wind erosion, or the transportation and deposition of sand into desert dunes and aeolian loess, is one of the most important aeolian activities. The progression of aeolian landforms expands arid and barren landscapes, leading to the degradation of adjacent areas. The Gonghe Basin, as a typical plateau with abundant sand sources, is highly sensitive to changes in the local climate conditions. In order to quantify the spatial-temporal variations in the aeolian landforms in the Gonghe Basin, we conducted field surveys and also analyzed twelve remote sensing（Landsat5 TM and Landsat8 OLI） images that sample the Gonghe Basin from 1989 to 2019. In the Gonghe Basin, we identified aeolian landforms such as climbing dunes on the windward slopes of the foothills, checkerboard dunes in the southeastern part of the basin, flat dunes, parabolic dunes and crescent dunes on the east and west sides of Longyangxia Reservoir, shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope in Shazhuyu, Tanggemu, and Indel, and sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley near the Dalian Sea, the Longyangxia Reservoir, and the tributaries of the Yellow River. From 1989 to 2005, the area of theaeolian regions expanded by 816.7 km2, with an annual conversion rate of 0.05%. From 2015 to 2019, the area of the aeolian regions shrunk by 2411.9 km2, with an annual conversion rate of-0.15%.The number and size of the fixed and semi-fixed dunes（e.g. the shrubby sandbanks on the valley slope and the sandy thickets at the bottom of the valley） were more stable than those of the mobile dunes（e.g. the checkerboard dunes, the flat dunes, the crescent dunes, the parabolic dunes, and the climbing dunes）. The fixed and semi-fixed dunes were arranged in an irregular ring shape, and the location of the center of gravity of this ring did not change significantly from 1989 to 2019; in this time, the mobile dunes migrated to the northwest.
Lixin CHEN,Yun ZHANG,Zhaochen KONG[4]（2021）在《Airborne pollen patterns and their relationship with meteorological factors in the Betula microphylla-dominated wetland of Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China》文中研究指明Airborne pollen is indicative of vegetation and climatic conditions. This study investigates airborne pollen trapping in the Betula microphylla-dominated wetland of Ebinur Lake in Northwestern China from September 2012 to August 2015 using Pearson correlation analysis and the Hybrid Single-particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model. Higher temperatures and moderate precipitation during the flowering period facilitated an increase in birch pollen with more exotic spruce pollen carried from the Tianshan Mountains by airflows, leading to the highest arbor pollen concentrations from September 2012 to August2013. Peak pollen concentrations from September 2013 to August 2014 were possibly due to an increase in herbaceous pollen resulting from higher temperatures, lower precipitation and more exotic pollen from the desert of southwest Ebinur Lake and Central Asia in summer and autumn. Between September 2014 and August 2015, unfavorable climate conditions in summer and autumn decreased the pollen dispersal of xerophytes such as Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, with little pollen transported from the Kazakh hilly area in late summer, resulting in the lowest pollen concentrations. Climatic parameters and air mass movements both greatly affected the atmospheric pollen concentration. The results provide information concerning the dispersion and distribution of birch pollen, paleoenvironmental reconstruction and wetland conservation.
福法纳（Mohamed Lamine Fofana）[5]（2021）在《SMD露天矿粉尘排放对环境的影响与减排技术研究》文中研究说明从采矿历史的最早几个小时开始,矿物市场参与者就一直在努力满足对矿物的需求。为了继续满足当前和将来的需求,矿山数量已经并将继续增加。地雷数量的增加,虽然对国家发展有利,但却是通过造成环境影响而实现的,这使当今的人们相信地雷有害无益。露天和地下采矿方式均会影响环境,但露天矿的影响（特别是与粉尘排放有关）的影响要大于地下。露天煤矿排放的粉尘会影响空气,水,土壤和生物多样性的质量,如果无法找到解决办法,这可能会导致即使不是不可能的情况下,周围居民的地雷也将非常困难。为了解决这个问题,有必要知道可以帮助有效控制粉尘的粉尘排放源。本文以SMD露天矿为研究背景。首先,根据对周围环境及其要素和人口健康的分析,确定了粉尘影响。excel用于分析获得的数据并制作其图形。其次,根据不同的采矿作业,总结了露天矿生产各方面扬尘的成因和扬尘的一些来源。列出了每个环节中粉尘排放的比例,并确定了本文的核心内容。Power Point软件用于图解每个已识别粉尘排放源的粉尘排放过程,以便对粉尘排放源进行详细说明。高速相机用于在SMD上拍摄采矿作业的照片和视频。这使得确定排放源和排放情况成为可能。第三,研究了SMD露天矿的粉尘控制技术,并提出了一些建议,以帮助他们改进粉尘控制技术。最后,研究区域的条件和矿山粉尘排放控制的一些技术。在这些研究过程中,根据研究区域的条件分析了粉尘控制技术的效率,技术经济性和环境方面,以便找到适合SMD的技术。根据研究区域的条件,向SMD提出了卡车速度控制以及加工厂和输送机覆盖范围的控制技术,作为控制粉尘排放的良好技术。本文的结论可以为矿山粉尘排放的控制提供理论和实践参考。本文包括38个数字,13个表格和73个参考文献。
Fernandes Dearlyn Mario[6]（2020）在《氨基酸示踪中印热带河流沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中有机质的保存、组成和转化》文中研究说明陆源有机物通过河流从陆地向海洋迁移,是全球生物地球化学循环（碳、氮等元素）的重要组成部分,这些关键元素的输运和转化对局地地貌、人为干扰和全球气候变化极为敏感,因此陆海界面的物质输送转化的相关研究,将有助于认识全球变化背景下关键元素的源汇行为和控制因素分析。此前,相关研究更多关注有机碳相关过程,对有机氮的输送和转化以及控制因素分析相对薄弱,而有机氮更是在营养循环中起着重要作用,对近海初级生产力和生态系统健康有重大支持。陆海界面的有机氮来源、分布和影响因素的研究也将有助于今后预测其对全球营养盐生物地球化学循环的影响和贡献。研究表明,氮的生物地球化学循环受到自然因素和人为因素的影响,自然因素包括自然地貌特征、气候变化引起的降雨变化（极端洪水、气旋、台风及干旱）,以及人为活动（如建造水坝）、土地利用模式的改变（为农业、工业化、城市化而砍伐森林）等,而这些因素和活动对热带地区的影响了解还很有限。热带地区的水生和陆生生态系统正在经历这些全球环境变化（土地利用变化和气候变化）的强烈影响,因此,小型热带河流系统是理想的研究环境,因为它们具有强烈的时空特征和更敏感的响应。氨基酸作为组成蛋白质的基本单元,在陆生及水生生物体中是有机氮最大的储库。开展河口及海洋中氨基酸组分的研究,将有助于揭示有机氮的来源、循环及生物地球化学行为。印度和中国都是拥有庞大人口的发展中国家,正在经历气候变化（风暴和干旱频率增加）和人类活动（土地使用模式的变化、水坝建设、日益增长的城市化和森林砍伐）的影响。迄今为止、对印度和中国热带小河流生物地球化学过程的了解并不多、尤其是河流氨基酸的来源和组成、运输和转化方面的研究很有限。因此,本论文的研究重点是识别印度西海岸热带河流和海南岛热带河流中氨基酸的时空分布和转化特征。利用先进的地球化学技术和同位素（元素和同位素比值及生物标志物）以及其他辅助参数,对印度和中国选定的热带小河系的氨基酸组成、转化和控制其迁移的因素进行了深入的研究。简要地说,本论文的研究目的如下:1.中印典型小河流和河口沉积物和颗粒物中的有机氮组成和转化的信息;2.从时间和空间上确定控制有机氮输送和转化的因素;3.分析地貌学（河流牛轭弯）和降水变化（季节性和台风活动）和人为活动（土地利用变化）对河流有机物组成和成岩作用的影响。为了实现研究目标,分别在季风期、季风前、季风后的季节对印度河的表层水和沉积物进行样品采集、同时在台风过后（2011年8月）以及非台风时期（2012年10月）分别采集南渡河表层水样品。使用先进的地球化学分析技术（元素组成和同位素比率）以及其它辅助参数（粒度、表面积）进行表征,同时测定生物标记物（氨基酸L-和D-对映异构体）、详细研究了印度和中国特定热带小河流体系中有机质的组成、转化及其控制因素。本论文选择了印度Netravati和Narmada河流,采集了其河流及河口区颗粒有机物和表层沉积物,测定了整体性质参数（总体含量,同位素及比表面积等）,以及沉积物中氨基酸组成（包括其对映异构体结构组成）。结果显示:沉积物中氨基酸的对映异构体组成在Netravati河流中有明显的季节性组成变化和不同程度的降解特征,而Narmada River的沉积物的差异则主要体现在空间变化。在两条河流的表层沉积物中,均检出较高浓度的D型氨基酸,显示了其细菌来源的主要贡献,此外,来自人文活动的贡献可能不容忽视。其中D型精氨酸在所有D型氨基酸中含量是最高的,可能是由于细菌的胞外分泌物贡献及沉积物粘土成分的吸附作用而形成的保存效应。在对Netravati河流沉积物中氨基酸时空组成的细致分析中发现,基于氨基酸组成估算的降解指数（DI）在河流牛轭湾处枯水期间明显更负,表明有降解程度高的物质在此处的累积,体现了局部地貌环境在枯水期间其促淤作用使得有机物的成岩作用被增强。相比之下,在西南季风丰水期间,小河流作为快速冲刷通道,其在旱季积累的有机物被冲刷和重新分散。此外,γ-氨基丁酸与有机物载荷比例（OC:SA）呈负相关,酪氨酸与OC:SA比例则呈正相关,进一步说明不同氨基酸在有机物降解过程中的控制效应差异。来自Netravati和Narmada River的沉积物研究结果深化了地貌环境（牛轭/河流蜿蜒）的作用、降雨量变化对在热带河流中的自然氮循环影响的认知。论文选择印度西部Zuari River及河口区悬浮颗粒物（SPM）中氨基酸的来源和归宿展开了研究。不同季节的对比发现,其众多分析参数含量却没有观察到显着差异。但是盐度、颗粒有机碳、同位素比值、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、亮氨酸和D型天冬氨酸的空间变异性显着,暗示了源区贡献的潜在差异性。在季风后期间,POC含量比较低且显示来自混合来源的输入特征。同位素成分显示河口地区的样本比河流地区的样品具有相对较正的数值,这表明除了河流浮游生物和陆地C3植物碎屑的贡献外,还有海洋浮游生物的贡献影响。D型氨基酸如D型丙氨酸、D型天冬氨酸、D型谷氨酸、D型丝氨酸和D型精氨酸,及甘氨酸和非蛋白质氨基酸（y-氨基丁酸,GABA）的存在表明细菌来源对该区域有机碳和氮库的贡献显着。在季风季节和季风后季节,河口地区的有机物相对于河流地区来说有更高的生物活性,在季风季节前则观测到降解程度高的有机物成分。使用主成分分析来确定影响有机物的来源和因素表明,可提取5个因子,解释了总方差的84.5%。第一组分占方差的27.1%,表明潮汐的影响占优势;而第二组分则体现了异养细菌的贡献,主要影响氨基酸组成。根据研究结果,论文明确了Zuari River河口最大浑浊度（ETM）对颗粒有机物的来源和分布的控制作用。在中国海南岛南渡河的颗粒有机物的氨基酸其总浓度大约在0.1-1.1毫克每升,其含量和降解参数存在季节差异。结果表明,在2011年8月（台风）活动期间,南渡河颗粒物的降解状况明显增高。此外,从南渡河氨基酸组成、D/（D+L）比例和颗粒有机物含量可以推断,细菌过程极大程度改变了有机物结构。而较高的氨基酸总量的碳产率表明可能是多种来源造成的,包括维管束植物、浮游生物（海洋和河流）生产和土壤淋滤等。而两个季节观测到的部分氨基酸（丝氨酸、甘氨酸、异亮氨酸等）的显着变化,表明其在早期成岩作用中被优先使用。因此,通过这些中印的小河流体系中氨基酸行为分析发现,氨基酸在各个河流表现为不同的时空分布特征,与不同河流系统的地貌结构及流域中物源组成紧密相关,有机氮的生物可利用性取决于河流和河口区的保存和改造能力。这项研究提供了关于不同河流子系统的悬浮颗粒物和沉积环境中的氨基酸组成和转化的基础数据,并细化了季风影响在热带小河流的差异,弥补了中印小河流中有机氮对地貌和气候变化的响应（迁移和改造）的相关认知。
陶玥含[7]（2020）在《目的论视角下科学文本中限制性定语从句的翻译 ——以《水资源管理：气候变化时代下的可持续性》为例》文中认为近年来,受全球气候变暖、极端天气事件频发、水资源污染严重等因素的影响,目前可用水资源状况、未来水资源的可持续性以及水资源管理措施等问题受到人们越来越多的关注。《水资源管理:气候变化时代下的可持续性》由大卫·麦克纳布所着,2017年出版,主要探讨了在日益恶劣的环境中,美国水资源管理部门如何为今世后代提供干净淡水。本翻译报告选取该书的前五章作为原文本。其主要内容为:美国的水资源状况、美国水资源面临的内部压力、美国水资源面临的外部压力（气候变化、人口增长和城市化）和美国水资源管理的开端。原文本属于科学类文本,文中存在很多结构复杂的定语从句,其中大部分为限制性定语从句。基于目的论的三原则──目的原则、连贯性原则和忠实性原则,译者分析探讨了科学文本中限制性定语从句的翻译策略。根据原文本中限制性定语从句的结构特征,译者将文本中的限制性定语从句纵向地分为三类:单一型、并列型和嵌套型限制性定语从句。译者采用分译法、合译法和转换法翻译单一型限制性定语从句,采用前置法和分译法翻译并列型限制性定语从句,采用重组法和综合法翻译嵌套型限制性定语从句,以期为科学文本中定语从句的翻译实践提供一定的借鉴作用。本实践报告共分为六章。第一章简要介绍研究的背景和意义以及论文的结构;第二章描述翻译任务,介绍原文本和翻译过程;第三章介绍目的论的起源、发展以及目的论的三原则;第四章简要介绍定语从句以及原文本中限制性定语从句的特征和分类;第五章是案例分析,探讨在目的论三原则指导下限制性定语从句的翻译策略,即分译法、合译法、转换法、前置法、重组法和综合法;第六章为结论,总结本次翻译实践的发现、不足和对未来研究的建议。
BALA HISHAM SHARIF[8]（2020）在《生物气候设计与建筑设计的研究》文中提出生态的与环境和谐相处的建筑不仅是建筑领域关注的,我们再做建筑设计时,要尊重自然并推进自然人化的进程,同时获得良好的自然、经济和生态综合效益。生物气候学设计方法可以为建筑技术的发展提供基本方向,在一定程度上有助于我国建筑师结合本国经济、技术水平,客观分析特定地区环境,本研究旨在为建筑师提供一个宏观的气候概念,并为建筑和城市空间的生物气候设计总结实用、经验和技术方法。本研究采用文献分析法、横向比较法、综合分析法相结合。通过对国内外研究动态的分析,可以看出我国生物气候设计理论发展中存在的问题。同时,阐明生物气候建筑的概念,阐明生物气候建筑的定义、内涵及相关概念,以及生物气候建筑与生态建筑等概念的联系与区别,建立完整、系统的理论体系。结合区域生物气候设计策略的研究,针对夏热冬冷地区的特殊气候特点,研究了适合夏热冬冷地区的生物气候设计策略等。
阿玛度（Amadou TOURE）[9]（2020）在《评估水源和使用点的水质：西非马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA公社的案例研究》文中进行了进一步梳理水是具有多种用途的珍贵和必要的自然资源。确保水源和使用点水的安全,在世界上从公共供水中收集饮用水的地区,这一点很重要。用于食品或卫生的水需要优良的理化性质和微生物质量。为了评估马里塞古地区农村社区,特别是佩伦卡纳公社农村社区水源和用水点的水质及其与健康的关系,对不同常用水源（包括地表水、浅井、挖井、钻孔、手动泵、家用容器和水泥池）的采集水样进行了理化性质和细菌学分析。为了跟踪不同季节的参数变化,在旱季和雨季分别采集了样品。这项研究还旨在评估消费者对水质的看法,并确定与水质恶化有关的因素,如水的储存、家庭人口统计、卫生和卫生习惯。这些数据是通过卫生调查、水质测试、家庭调查、文件分析、重点小组讨论和关键的信息提供者访谈收集的,目的是确定马里农村地区家庭安全、无障碍、可持续、成本效益高和可接受的供水模式。采用多管发酵技术测定饮用水微生物（总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、粪肠球菌和大肠杆菌计数）质量。同时测定了饮用水的电导率、浊度、pH和TDS、TSS、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐、氯化物、BOD5、Zn2+、F-、As、Hg、Cu、Cd、Pb、Mn、Cr、Fe 的含量。采用方差分析（ANOVA）和Duncan多重比较等多种统计分析方法,对收集的数据和水样的理化性质以及微生物指标进行了分析。将世界卫生组织（世卫组织,WHO）指南或其他值（GVs）以及美国公共卫生（USPH）饮用水质量标准作为基准。这项研究是在一些使用各种饮用水资源的农村进行的。研究结果表明,大量选定水源的水质理化性质和细菌学指标均较差。结果显示,来自不同水源的水样硝酸盐氮（NO3-N）的浓度超过了美国环境保护署（US-EPA）规定的10 mg/L,以及世界卫生组织的饮用水质量指南（WHO GDWQ）（11 mg/L）。这同样适用于重金属,如Cd、Pb和Fe,其浓度在某些地方超过其允许限值。此外,除不同钻孔的水样外,在所有选定的水源中均检测到总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌,表明水源受到粪便污染。某些水源的理化参数结果表明,硝酸盐、磷酸盐、铁、镉和铅的含量高于可接受的限值,特别是在潮湿时期。从细菌学上,对两个研究时期的细菌分布进行了比较分析,结果表明:雨季细菌数量多于旱季。此外,调查结果还表明,由于地表水和井水的水源质量差,以及使用点的微生物污染（家用容器和水泥池）,所有使用点的水对人类的消费都是不安全的。后者可归因于不卫生的环境、不良的卫生习惯或不良的用水行为。总的来说,在旱季细菌的数量略有减少。这种污染无疑对饮用这些水的人的健康构成重大损害。为了减少与水有关的疾病,应提供安全和充足的水、卫生教育以及关于用水行为的教育。提供改进的供水系统并不能确保饮用水对人类的消费是安全的,应考虑使用点水处理等措施,以确保在水源和使用点提供的饮用水对人类的消费具有微生物安全性。
哈瓦（DIAKITE HAWA）[10]（2020）在《马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA居民家庭用水管理研究》文中研究表明在马里的许多乡村地区,人们最关心的一个问题是如何更容易地获得安全而又可持续利用的水资源。与世界上许多国家一样,马里同样面临着多种因素造成的水资源短缺问题。本篇论文主要研究了马里Segou地区Pelengana镇居民家庭用水管理问题,包括家庭用水量、水质、水的来源及其它方面。为了解决这些问题,许多国际性和区域性以及当地供水发展组织正在积极努力,以帮助当地居民获得安全而又持久的水资源。2002年,为了促进Segou区域各供水组织建立广泛的合作关系,马里发布了“西非水倡议书（WAWI）”。马里农村地区的特点是人口拥挤、居住条件差、水资源短缺、卫生设施不足,这种生存环境导致了水传播疾病的大量发生。因此,安全的饮用水资源以及良好的卫生条件尤为重要。然而,来自Pelengan镇各卫生中心的数据显示,水传播疾病是影响居住区域内各流民营地居民健康的主要疾病。为了解决这个问题,许多政府和非政府组织正通力合作,致力于提高用水管理质量。本论文的研究目的是通过调查分析参与者家庭日常生活用水量和节约用水实际情况,以及对水质进行的微生物分析结果,提出改善用水管理状况的解决方案。Pelengana镇的数据收集采用了实地调查、直接访谈、问卷调查、调查地观测和水样提取等方法。本研究共有来自Pelengana镇三个村庄的480名居民参与,其中,女性280名,男性200名。由于13份问卷不够完整而剔除在外,因此,最终统计结果来自于467份完整问卷,其中,女性272名,男性195名。首先,通过利用方差分析LSD检验方法及结构方程模型对数据进行分析,结果表明,女性的用水量（人均90.17L/d）是男性用水量（42.43 L/d）的两倍多,主要是蔬菜和花卉种植方面的农业用水（23.87±8.74 L/d）,厨房用水（14.10±4.82 L/d）,洗衣（12.50±4.57 L/d）,以及饮用和个人卫生用水（11.40±2.39 L/d）;至于家庭庭院清洁、淋浴和饲养牲畜等方面用水,总体上看,与男性相比,女性受访者会使用更多的水。其次,通过对常用水源—特别是Pelengana镇流民居住营地的井眼、手动泵、地表水、家用容器、水井和水泥水库等水源进行了水质微生物分析,结果显示,三种指示菌的数量（总大肠菌群（48.7%）,粪便大肠菌群（100%）和粪便肠球菌（37.01%））都超过了饮用水允许的限值,最高的指示菌总数达到了 1800TC/100ml水;分离得到的肠道细菌包括大肠杆菌（25.7%）、肠球菌（21.91%）、芽孢杆菌属（16.72%）、肠杆菌属（4.56%）和柠檬酸杆菌属（3.91%）。最后,在调查分析结果的基础之上,论文中提出了改善Pelengana镇用水管理状况的一些建议与对策。
二、Wind erosion at the dry-up bottom of Aiby Lake——A case study on the source of air dust（论文开题报告）
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三、Wind erosion at the dry-up bottom of Aiby Lake——A case study on the source of air dust（论文提纲范文）
（1）New innovations in pavement materials and engineering:A review on pavement engineering research 2021（论文提纲范文）
| 1. Introduction |
| (1) With the society development pavement engineering facing unprecedented opportunities and challenges |
| (2) With the modern education development pavement engineering facing unprecedented accumulation of scientific manpower and literature |
| 2. Asphalt binder performance and modeling |
| 2.1. Binder damage,healing and aging behaviors |
| 2.1.1. Binder healing characterization and performance |
| 2.1.1. 1. Characterizing approaches for binder healing behavior. |
| 2.1.1. 2. Various factors influencing binder healing performance. |
| 2.1.2. Asphalt aging:mechanism,evaluation and control strategy |
| 2.1.2. 1. Phenomena and mechanisms of asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.2. 2. Simulation methods of asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.2. 3. Characterizing approaches for asphalt aging behavior. |
| 2.1.2. 4. Anti-aging additives used for controlling asphalt aging. |
| 2.1.3. Damage in the characterization of binder cracking performance |
| 2.1.3. 1. Damage characterization based on rheological properties. |
| 2.1.3. 2. Damage characterization based on fracture properties. |
| 2.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 2.2. Mechanism of asphalt modification |
| 2.2.1. Development of polymer modified asphalt |
| 2.2.1. 1. Strength formation of modified asphalt. |
| 2.2.1. 2. Modification mechanism by molecular dynamics simulation. |
| 2.2.1. 3. The relationship between microstructure and properties of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. Application of the MD simulation |
| 2.2.2. 1. Molecular model of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. 2. Molecular configuration of asphalt. |
| 2.2.2. 3. Self-healing behaviour. |
| 2.2.2. 4. Aging mechanism. |
| 2.2.2. 5. Adhesion mechanism. |
| 2.2.2. 6. Diffusion behaviour. |
| 2.2.3. Summary and outlook |
| 2.3. Modeling and application of crumb rubber modified asphalt |
| 2.3.1. Modeling and mechanism of rubberized asphalt |
| 2.3.1. 1. Rheology of bituminous binders. |
| 2.3.1. 2. Rheological property prediction of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. Micromechanics-based modeling of rheological properties of CRMA |
| 2.3.2. 1. Composite system of CRMA based on homogenization theory. |
| 2.3.2. 2. Input parameters for micromechanical models of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. 3. Analytical form of micromechanical models of CRMA. |
| 2.3.2. 4. Future recommendations for improving micro-mechanical prediction performance. |
| 2.3.3. Design and performance of rubberized asphalt |
| 2.3.3. 1. The interaction between rubber and asphalt fractions. |
| 2.3.3. 2. Engineering performance of rubberized asphalt. |
| 2.3.3. 3. Mixture design. |
| 2.3.3. 4. Warm mix rubberized asphalt. |
| 2.3.3. 5. Reclaiming potential of rubberized asphalt pavement. |
| 2.3.4. Economic and Environmental Effects |
| 2.3.5. Summary and outlook |
| 3. Mixture performance and modeling of pavement materials |
| 3.1. The low temperature performance and freeze-thaw damage of asphalt mixture |
| 3.1.1. Low temperature performance of asphalt mixture |
| 3.1.1. 1. Low temperature cracking mechanisms. |
| 3.1.1. 2. Experimental methods to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt binders. |
| 3.1.1. 3. Experimental methods to evaluate the low temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. |
| 3.1.1. 4. Low temperature behavior of asphalt materials. |
| 3.1.1.5.Effect factors of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.1. 6. Improvement of low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.2. Freeze-thaw damage of asphalt mixtures |
| 3.1.2. 1. F-T damage mechanisms. |
| 3.1.2. 2. Evaluation method of F-T damage. |
| 3.1.2. 3. F-T damage behavior of asphalt mixture. |
| (1) Evolution of F-T damage of asphalt mixture |
| (2) F-T damage evolution model of asphalt mixture |
| (3) Distribution and development of asphalt mixture F-T damage |
| 3.1.2. 4. Effect factors of freeze thaw performance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.2. 5. Improvement of freeze thaw resistance of asphalt mixture. |
| 3.1.3. Summary and outlook |
| 3.2. Long-life rigid pavement and concrete durability |
| 3.2.1. Long-life cement concrete pavement |
| 3.2.1. 1. Continuous reinforced concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.1. 2. Fiber reinforced concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.1. 3. Two-lift concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.2. Design,construction and performance of CRCP |
| 3.2.2. 1. CRCP distress and its mechanism. |
| 3.2.2. 2. The importance of crack pattern on CRCP performance. |
| 3.2.2. 3. Corrosion of longitudinal steel. |
| 3.2.2. 4. AC+CRCP composite pavement. |
| 3.2.2. 5. CRCP maintenance and rehabilitation. |
| 3.2.3. Durability of the cementitious materials in concrete pavement |
| 3.2.3. 1. Deterioration mechanism of sulfate attack and its in-fluence on concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.3. 2. Development of alkali-aggregate reaction in concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.3. 3. Influence of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete pavement. |
| 3.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 3.3. Novel polymer pavement materials |
| 3.3.1. Designable PU material |
| 3.3.1. 1. PU binder. |
| 3.3.1.2.PU mixture. |
| 3.3.1. 3. Material genome design. |
| 3.3.2. Novel polymer bridge deck pavement material |
| 3.3.2. 1. Requirements for the bridge deck pavement material. |
| 3.3.2.2.Polyurethane bridge deck pavement material(PUBDPM). |
| 3.3.3. PU permeable pavement |
| 3.3.3. 1. Permeable pavement. |
| 3.3.3. 2. PU porous pavement materials. |
| 3.3.3. 3. Hydraulic properties of PU permeable pavement materials. |
| 3.3.3. 4. Mechanical properties of PU permeable pavement ma-terials. |
| 3.3.3. 5. Environmental advantages of PU permeable pavement materials. |
| 3.3.4. Polyurethane-based asphalt modifier |
| 3.3.4. 1. Chemical and genetic characteristics of bitumen and polyurethane-based modifier. |
| 3.3.4. 2. The performance and modification mechanism of polyurethane modified bitumen. |
| 3.3.4. 3. The performance of polyurethane modified asphalt mixture. |
| 3.3.4. 4. Environmental and economic assessment of poly-urethane modified asphalt. |
| 3.3.5. Summary and outlook |
| 3.4. Reinforcement materials for road base/subrgrade |
| 3.4.1. Flowable solidified fill |
| 3.4.1. 1. Material composition design. |
| 3.4.1. 2. Performance control. |
| 3.4.1. 3. Curing mechanism. |
| 3.4.1. 4. Construction applications. |
| 3.4.1.5.Environmental impact assessment. |
| 3.4.1. 6. Development prospects and challenges. |
| 3.4.2. Stabilization materials for problematic soil subgrades |
| 3.4.2.1.Stabilization materials for loess. |
| 3.4.2. 2. Stabilization materials for expansive soil. |
| 3.4.2. 3. Stabilization materials for saline soils. |
| 3.4.2. 4. Stabilization materials for soft soils. |
| 3.4.3. Geogrids in base course reinforcement |
| 3.4.3. 1. Assessment methods for evaluating geogrid reinforce-ment in flexible pavements. |
| (1) Reinforced granular material |
| (2) Reinforced granular base course |
| 3.4.3. 2. Summary. |
| 3.4.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4. Multi-scale mechanics |
| 4.1. Interface |
| 4.1.1. Multi-scale evaluation method of interfacial interaction between asphalt binder and mineral aggregate |
| 4.1.1. 1. Molecular dynamics simulation of asphalt adsorption behavior on mineral aggregate surface. |
| 4.1.1. 2. Experimental study on absorption behavior of asphalt on aggregate surface. |
| 4.1.1. 3. Research on evaluation method of interaction between asphalt and mineral powder. |
| (1) Rheological mechanical method |
| (2) Microscopic test |
| 4.1.1. 4. Study on evaluation method of interaction between asphalt and aggregate. |
| 4.1.2. Multi-scale numerical simulation method considering interface effect |
| 4.1.2. 1. Multi-scale effect of interface. |
| 4.1.2. 2. Study on performance of asphalt mixture based on micro nano scale testing technology. |
| 4.1.2. 3. Study on the interface between asphalt and aggregate based on molecular dynamics. |
| 4.1.2. 4. Study on performance of asphalt mixture based on meso-mechanics. |
| 4.1.2. 5. Mesoscopic numerical simulation test of asphalt mixture. |
| 4.1.3. Multi-scale investigation on interface deterioration |
| 4.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4.2. Multi-scales and numerical methods in pavement engineering |
| 4.2.1. Asphalt pavement multi-scale system |
| 4.2.1. 1. Multi-scale definitions from literatures. |
| 4.2.1. 2. A newly-proposed Asphalt Pavement Multi-scale System. |
| (1) Structure-scale |
| (2) Mixture-scale |
| (3) Material-scale |
| 4.2.1. 3. Research Ideas in the newly-proposed multi-scale sys- |
| 4.2.2. Multi-scale modeling methods |
| 4.2.2. 1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. |
| 4.2.2. 2. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. |
| 4.2.2. 3. Composite micromechanics methods. |
| 4.2.2. 4. Finite element method (FEM) simulations. |
| 4.2.2. 5. Discrete element method (DEM) simulations. |
| 4.2.3. Cross-scale modeling methods |
| 4.2.3. 1. Mechanism of cross-scale calculation. |
| 4.2.3. 2. Multi-scale FEM method. |
| 4.2.3. 3. FEM-DEM coupling method. |
| 4.2.3. 4. NMM family methods. |
| 4.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 4.3. Pavement mechanics and analysis |
| 4.3.1. Constructive methods to pavement response analysis |
| 4.3.1. 1. Viscoelastic constructive models. |
| 4.3.1. 2. Anisotropy and its characterization. |
| 4.3.1. 3. Mathematical methods to asphalt pavement response. |
| 4.3.2. Finite element modeling for analyses of pavement mechanics |
| 4.3.2. 1. Geometrical dimension of the FE models. |
| 4.3.2. 2. Constitutive models of pavement materials. |
| 4.3.2. 3. Variability of material property along with different directions. |
| 4.3.2. 4. Loading patterns of FE models. |
| 4.3.2. 5. Interaction between adjacent pavement layers. |
| 4.3.3. Pavement mechanics test and parameter inversion |
| 4.3.3. 1. Nondestructive pavement modulus test. |
| 4.3.3. 2. Pavement structural parameters inversion method. |
| 4.3.4. Summary and outlook |
| 5. Green and sustainable pavement |
| 5.1. Functional pavement |
| 5.1.1. Energy harvesting function |
| 5.1.1. 1. Piezoelectric pavement. |
| 5.1.1. 2. Thermoelectric pavement. |
| 5.1.1. 3. Solar pavement. |
| 5.1.2. Pavement sensing function |
| 5.1.2. 1. Contact sensing device. |
| 5.1.2.2.Lidar based sensing technology. |
| 5.1.2. 3. Perception technology based on image/video stream. |
| 5.1.2. 4. Temperature sensing. |
| 5.1.2. 5. Traffic detection based on ontology perception. |
| 5.1.2. 6. Structural health monitoring based on ontology perception. |
| 5.1.3. Road adaptation and adjustment function |
| 5.1.3. 1. Radiation reflective pavement.Urban heat island effect refers to an increased temperature in urban areas compared to its surrounding rural areas (Fig.68). |
| 5.1.3. 2. Catalytical degradation of vehicle exhaust gases on pavement surface. |
| 5.1.3. 3. Self-healing pavement. |
| 5.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 5.2. Renewable and sustainable pavement materials |
| 5.2.1. Reclaimed asphalt pavement |
| 5.2.1. 1. Hot recycled mixture technology. |
| 5.2.1. 2. Warm recycled mix asphalt technology. |
| 5.2.1. 3. Cold recycled mixture technology. |
| (1) Strength and performance of cold recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion |
| (2) Variability analysis of asphalt emulsion |
| (3) Future prospect of cold recycled mixture with asphalt emulsion |
| 5.2.2. Solid waste recycling in pavement |
| 5.2.2. 1. Construction and demolition waste. |
| (1) Recycled concrete aggregate |
| (2) Recycled mineral filler |
| 5.2.2. 2. Steel slag. |
| 5.2.2. 3. Waste tire rubber. |
| 5.2.3. Environment impact of pavement material |
| 5.2.3. 1. GHG emission and energy consumption of pavement material. |
| (1) Estimation of GHG emission and energy consumption |
| (2) Challenge and prospect of environment burden estimation |
| 5.2.3. 2. VOC emission of pavement material. |
| (1) Characterization and sources of VOC emission |
| (2) Health injury of VOC emission |
| (3) Inhibition of VOC emission |
| (4) Prospect of VOC emission study |
| 5.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| 6. Intelligent pavement |
| 6.1. Automated pavement defect detection using deep learning |
| 6.1.1. Automated data collection method |
| 6.1.1. 1. Digital camera. |
| 6.1.1.2.3D laser camera. |
| 6.1.1. 3. Structure from motion. |
| 6.1.2. Automated road surface distress detection |
| 6.1.2. 1. Image processing-based method. |
| 6.1.2. 2. Machine learning and deep learning-based methods. |
| 6.1.3. Pavement internal defect detection |
| 6.1.4. Summary and outlook |
| 6.2. Intelligent pavement construction and maintenance |
| 6.2.1. Intelligent pavement construction management |
| 6.2.1. 1. Standardized integration of BIM information resources. |
| 6.2.1. 2. Construction field capturing technologies. |
| 6.2.1. 3. Multi-source spatial data fusion. |
| 6.2.1. 4. Research on schedule management based on BIM. |
| 6.2.1. 5. Application of BIM information management system. |
| 6.2.2. Intelligent compaction technology for asphalt pavement |
| 6.2.2. 1. Weakened IntelliSense of ICT. |
| 6.2.2. 2. Poor adaptability of asphalt pavement compaction index. |
| (1) The construction process of asphalt pavement is affected by many complex factors |
| (2) Difficulty in model calculation caused by jumping vibration of vibrating drum |
| (3) There are challenges to the numerical stability and computational efficiency of the theoretical model |
| 6.2.2. 3. Insufficient research on asphalt mixture in vibratory rolling. |
| 6.2.3. Intelligent pavement maintenance decision-making |
| 6.2.3. 1. Basic functional framework. |
| 6.2.3. 2. Expert experience-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 3. Priority-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 4. Mathematical programming-based methods. |
| 6.2.3. 5. New-gen machine learning-based methods. |
| 6.2.4. Summary and outlook |
| (1) Pavement construction management |
| (2) Pavement compaction technology |
| (3) Pavement maintenance decision-making |
| 7. Conclusions |
| Conflict of interest |
（2）Aeolian dust dynamics in the Fergana Valley, Central Asia, since ～30 ka inferred from loess deposits（论文提纲范文）
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Physical geography |
| 3. Methods |
| 3.1. Sampling strategy |
| 3.2. Laboratory measurements |
| 3.2.1. Grain size |
| 3.2.2. Magnetic susceptibility |
| 3.2.3. Color reflectance |
| 3.2.4. AMS14C dating |
| 3.3. Establishment of the Bayesian age-depth model |
| 3.4. Meteorological variables |
| 4. Results |
| 4.1. Stratigraphy |
| 4.2. Particle size distribution |
| 4.3. Paleoenvironmental proxy variations |
| 4.4. Age-depth model and sedimentation rate (SR) |
| 5. Discussions |
| 5.1. Implications of Osh loess grain size for wind regime variabilities |
| 5.2. Changes in effective moisture revealed by magnetic susceptibility (MS)proxy of the Osh loess |
| 5.3. Mechanisms of the wind regime variabilities in the Fergana Valley |
| 5.4. Possible driving mechanisms for sedimentation rate variations at the Osh site since 30 ka |
| 6. Conclusions |
| Declaration of Competing Interest |
| Appendix A.Supplementary data |
（4）Airborne pollen patterns and their relationship with meteorological factors in the Betula microphylla-dominated wetland of Ebinur Lake, Xinjiang, China（论文提纲范文）
| 1. Introduction |
| 2. Materials and methods |
| 2.1 Regional setting |
| 2.2 Airborne pollen and meteorological data |
| 2.3 Statistical methods |
| 2.4 Backward trajectory analysis |
| 3. Results |
| 3.1 Composition of airborne pollen |
| 3.2 Airborne pollen concentration |
| 3.3 Meteorological conditions |
| 3.4 Results of Pearson correlation analysis |
| 3.5 Results of HYSPLIT backward trajectory model |
| 4. Discussion |
| 4.1 Pollen assemblages and relationships with local vegetation |
| 4.2 Comprehensive analysis of relationships between airborne pollen and meteorological factors |
| 4.3 Significance of Betula pollen in Ebinur birch wet-land |
| 5. Conclusion |
| Acknowledgements |
（5）SMD露天矿粉尘排放对环境的影响与减排技术研究（论文提纲范文）
| 致谢 |
| 扩展摘要 |
| 摘要 |
| abstract |
| 1 绪论 |
| 1.1 研究背景和意义 |
| 1.2 研究现状与文献综述 |
| 1.3 问题 |
| 1.4 研究目标 |
| 1.5 研究内容 |
| 1.6 研究方法与技术路线 |
| 1.7 本章小结 |
| 2 露天矿扬尘对空气质量和矿区生态环境的影响研究 |
| 2.1 SMD露天矿生产条件分析 |
| 2.2 露天矿扬尘对空气质量的影响研究 |
| 2.3 露天矿扬尘对矿区生态环境的影响研究 |
| 2.4 本章小结 |
| 3 露天矿尘源分析 |
| 3.1 露天矿道路运输扬尘 |
| 3.2 露天矿生产的主要扬尘点 |
| 3.3 加工厂扬尘 |
| 3.4 本章小结 |
| 4 露天矿粉尘控制技术 |
| 4.1 SMD除尘技术 |
| 4.2 露天矿洒水降尘 |
| 4.3 露天矿道路抑尘技术 |
| 4.4 露天矿点尘源控制技术 |
| 4.5 加工厂粉尘控制技术 |
| 4.6 SMD露天矿粉尘控制建议 |
| 4.7 本章小结 |
| 5 结论 |
| 参考文献 |
| 作者简历 |
| 学位论文数据集 |
（6）氨基酸示踪中印热带河流沉积物和悬浮颗粒物中有机质的保存、组成和转化（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| Abbreviation of terms |
| CHAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 The Nitrogen Cycle:Implication and Challenges |
| 1.2 Riverine Delivery:Past,Present and Future |
| 1.3 Organic Matter(OM)Cycling and Preservation in the Rivers and Estuaries |
| 1.4 Amino Acid Indicators– Formation,Transformation and Implications |
| 1.5 Sources and Diagenetic,and Influencing Factors |
| 1.6 Knowledge Existing and Gaps |
| 1.7 Importance of the Tracer Technique and Objectives |
| 1.8 Structure of the thesis |
| CHAPTER Ⅱ MATERIALS AND METHODS |
| 2.1 Description of Study Area |
| 2.1.1 Climate and monsoon patters of the Indian peninsula |
| 2.1.2 Geomorphology and fluvial load |
| 2.1.3 Land use pattern along the WCI |
| 2.2 The Narmada River system |
| 2.2.1 Geology of the Narmada River system |
| 2.2.2 Land use pattern of the Narmada River System |
| 2.3 The Netravati River basin |
| 2.3.1 Geology of the Netravati River system |
| 2.3.2 Land use pattern of the Netravati River system |
| 2.4 The Zuari River system |
| 2.4.1 Geology of the ZRS |
| 2.4.2 Land use pattern within the ZRS |
| 2.5 The Nandujiang/Nandu River(Hainan,China) |
| 2.5.1 Geomorphology,precipitation and fluvial load |
| 2.5.2 Land use pattern within the NDR |
| 2.6 Sample collection and pre-treatment |
| 2.6.1 Water sample and surface or bank sediments |
| 2.6.2 Sample pre-treatment and in-situ measurements |
| 2.7 Analytical methods |
| 2.7.1 Grain size analysis |
| 2.7.2 Surface area analysis |
| 2.7.3 Bulk chemical analysis(elemental contents,isotopes) |
| 2.7.3.1 CHNOS analyzer |
| 2.7.3.2 Finnigan EA1112- Delta plus XP IRMS |
| 2.7.4 Amino acid analyses |
| 2.7.4.1 Experimental preparation and description |
| 2.7.4.2 Qualitative and quantitative estimations of total hydrolyzable amino acids(THAA)in standards and samples |
| 2.7.4.3 Preparation of primary standard |
| 2.7.4.4 Preparation of secondary standard |
| 2.7.4.5 Sample pretreatment for THAA analysis |
| 2.7.4.6 Quantification of AA |
| 2.7.4.7 Amino Acid recovery rate |
| 2.7.4.8 Calculation of Degradation Index(DI) |
| 2.8 Data processing and statistics |
| 2.8.1 Multivariate statistical analysis |
| 2.8.2 Principal component analysis(PCA) |
| 2.8.3 Cluster Analyses(CA) |
| CHAPTER Ⅲ Distribution and behavioral changes of organic matter form sediments of a small tropical river- Netravati River,India |
| 3.1 Introduction |
| 3.2 Materials and methods |
| 3.2.1 Sampling sites and sample collection |
| 3.3 Results |
| 3.3.1 Spatial and temporal variations in rainfall and hydrographic parameters |
| 3.3.2 Distribution of bulk parameters and elemental compositions |
| 3.3.3 Grain size and surface area of bulk sediments |
| 3.3.4 Seasonal distribution of AA compositions |
| 3.3.5 Correlation among the measured parameters |
| 3.4 Discussion |
| 3.4.1 The effect of seasonal variations on water and sediment chemistry |
| 3.4.2 Source of organic matter in small tropical rivers |
| 3.4.3 Factors controlling diagenesis of OM in small tropical rivers |
| 3.4.4 The fate of OM in the Netravati River |
| 3.5 Summary |
| CHAPTER Ⅳ Sources and preservation dynamics of organic matter with special reference to amino acids in surface sediments of Narmada River,India |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Material and Methods |
| 4.2.1 Study area |
| 4.2.2 Sampling sites and sample collection |
| 4.3 Results |
| 4.3.1 Hydrographic,chlorophyll a and bulk sediment parameters |
| 4.3.2 Bulk chemical parameters and surface area(SA) |
| 4.3.3 Spatial and temporal distribution of THAA |
| 4.3.4 Principal component analysis and correlations among variables |
| 4.4 Discussion |
| 4.4.1 The sources of OM to sediments of the Narmada River |
| 4.4.2 Diagenetic characteristics of sedimentary OM of Narmada River |
| 4.4.3 Factors controlling the distribution of sedimentary OM |
| 4.5 Summary |
| CHAPTER Ⅴ Seasonal study of the sources and implications of particulate organic matter from a small tropical river- Zuari River,India |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Materials and methods |
| 5.2.1 Sampling sites and sample collection |
| 5.3 Results |
| 5.3.1 Physical,biological and ancillary parameters |
| 5.3.2 Bulk geochemical parameters |
| 5.3.3 Biomarkers and allied indices |
| 5.3.4 Correlation and principal component analyses(PCA) |
| 5.4 Discussion |
| 5.4.1 The sources of OM in Zuari River and estuary |
| 5.4.2 Quantification of OM in the Zuari River and estuary |
| 5.4.3 Diagenesis of POM within the ETM |
| 5.5 Summary |
| CHAPTER Ⅵ Sources,characteristics and dispersal of particulate organic matter(POM)with respect to organic nitrogen(ON)during episodic climatic events,case study of Nandu River,Hainan,China |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Materials and methods |
| 6.2.1 Study area |
| 6.2.2 Sampling sites and sample collection |
| 6.3 Results |
| 6.3.1 Spatial and temporal variation of hydrographic parameters |
| 6.3.2 Distribution of elemental compositions and isotopic characteristics |
| 6.3.3 Seasonal distribution of AA compositions |
| 6.3.4 Principal component analyses cluster analyses and correlation among the measured parameters |
| 6.4 Discussion |
| 6.4.1 The effect of seasonal variations |
| 6.4.2 Source of organic matter in NRE |
| 6.4.3 Factors controlling diagenesis of OM in NRE |
| 6.4.4 The fate of OM in the Nandu River |
| 6.5 Summary |
| CHAPTER Ⅶ General discussion and conclusions |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Conceptual model |
| 7.3 Synthesis |
| 7.4 Importance of the study |
| 7.5 Conclusions and recommendations |
| 7.6 Future Plans |
| References |
| APPENDIX |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
（7）目的论视角下科学文本中限制性定语从句的翻译 ——以《水资源管理：气候变化时代下的可持续性》为例（论文提纲范文）
| Acknowledgements |
| Abstract |
| 摘要 |
| Chapter One Introduction |
| 1.1 Background and Significance of the Study |
| 1.2 Layout of the Thesis |
| Chapter Two Task Description |
| 2.1 Introduction of the Source Text |
| 2.2 Translation Process |
| 2.2.1 Pre-translation |
| 2.2.2 While-translation |
| 2.2.3 Post-translation |
| Chapter Three Theoretical Framework |
| 3.1 Origin and Development of Skopos Theory |
| 3.2 Three Rules of Skopos Theory |
| 3.2.1 Skopos Rule |
| 3.2.2 Coherence Rule |
| 3.2.3 Fidelity Rule |
| Chapter Four A Brief Introduction to Attributive Clauses |
| 4.1 About Attributive Clauses |
| 4.2 Features of Restrictive Attributive Clauses in the Source Text |
| Chapter Five Case Analysis |
| 5.1 Translation strategies for Single Restrictive Attributive Clauses |
| 5.1.1 Division |
| 5.1.2 Combination |
| 5.1.3 Conversion |
| 5.2 Translation strategies for Coordinate Restrictive Attributive Clauses |
| 5.2.1 Pre-position |
| 5.2.2 Division |
| 5.3 Translation strategies for Embedded Restrictive Attributive Clauses |
| 5.3.1 Recasting |
| 5.3.2 Synthesis |
| Chapter Six Summary |
| 6.1 Findings |
| 6.2 Limitations |
| 6.3 Suggestions for Future Study |
| References |
| Appendix1:Source Text& Target Text |
| Appendix2:Term List |
| 攻读学位期间的研究成果 |
（8）生物气候设计与建筑设计的研究（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要(ABSTRACT) |
| ABSTRACT |
| CHAPTER ONE: -INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 Background to the study |
| 1.1.1 Environmental Awareness and Ecological Buildings |
| 1.1.2 Energy crisis and energy-efficient buildings |
| 1.1.3 Combining climate creation ideas |
| 1.1.4 Ecological architecture and bioclimatic architecture |
| 1.2 Significance |
| 1.2.1 Bioclimatic design methods are instructive for sustainable building design |
| 1.2.2 The practical significance of combining climate design ideas in China |
| 1.3 Contents |
| 1.3.1 Problems |
| 1.3.2 The subject is complex and lacks system |
| 1.3.3 Lack of attention to climate research by domestic architects |
| 1.4 Contents |
| 1.4.1 Clarify the concept |
| 1.4.2 Basic concept and techniques |
| 1.4.3 Systematically collate the strategies of bioclimatic design of existing buildings andurban spaces at home and abroad |
| 1.4.4 Typical example |
| 1.4.5 China regional Climate |
| 1.5 Literature Review |
| 1.5.1 Foreign News |
| 1.5.2 Domestic News |
| 1.5.3 Concept and Evolution of Bioclimatic Architecture |
| 1.5.4 Importance of Bioclimatic Architecture |
| 1.6 Framework |
| 1.7 Initiatives |
| 1.8 Research methods |
| 1.8.1 Surveys |
| 1.8.2 Interviews |
| 1.8.3 Case study |
| 1.8.4 Field Research |
| 1.8.5 Participant Observer Research |
| 1.8.6 Other methods |
| 1.9 Process and steps(include timeline) |
| CHAPTER TWO: -BIOLOGY AND CLIMATE |
| 2.0 Biology and climate |
| 2.1 effects of climate on human beings and man's adaptation to climate |
| 2.1.1 Climate affects man |
| 2.1.1.1 Climate is essential for human survival and evolution |
| 2.1.1.2 Climate influences human cultural identity |
| 2.1.2 Adaptation to climate |
| 2.2 Elements and classifications of climate and their effects on human beings |
| 2.2.1 Concept of climate |
| 2.2.2 Climate components and their changes |
| 2.2.2.1 Solar radiation |
| 2.2.2.2 Long-wave radiation |
| 2.2.2.3 Temperature |
| 2.2.2.4 Wind |
| 2.2.2.5 Atmospheric humidity |
| 2.2.3 Microclimate |
| 2.2.3.1 Definition of microclimate |
| 2.2.3.2 Factors affecting microclimate |
| 2.2.4 Effects of climatic factors on human body |
| 2.2.4.1 Human body and atmospheric temperature |
| 2.2.4.2 Body and atmosphere humidity |
| 2.2.4.3 Body and wind conditions |
| 2.2.4.4 Human body and solar radiation |
| 2.3 Research on human thermal comfort |
| 2.3.1 Overview of thermal comfort research |
| 2.3.2 Elements of heat exchange between man and environment |
| 2.3.3 Heat balance equation |
| 2.3.4 Thermal comfort equation |
| 2.3.5 Heat index |
| 2.3.6 Evaluation indicators |
| 2.3.6.1 Overview of evaluation indicators |
| 2.4 Summary |
| CHAPTER THREE: -CLIMATE AND ARCHITECTURE |
| 3.1 relationships between climate and architecture |
| 3.1.1 Climatic factors are one of the main factors in the formation of architecture |
| 3.1.2 Architecture is man's compensation for climate |
| 3.2 Bioclimatic architecture--inspiration from biology |
| 3.2.1 Bioclimatic |
| 3.2.1.1 Definition of bioclimatic |
| 3.2.2 Climate and form:Implications from bioclimatology |
| 3.2.2.1 Selection of forms by organisms |
| 3.2.2.2 life-like features of architecture |
| 3.2.2.3 Implications of the application of bioclimatology in architecture |
| 3.2.2.4 Vernacular architecture--a representation of climate and form |
| 3.2.3 Bio-climatic architecture |
| 3.2.3.1 Principles of bioclimatic architecture |
| 3.2.3.2 Bioclimatic architectural design |
| 3.3 Architectural design exploration in combination with climate |
| 3.3.1 Theoretical exploration by ancient architects |
| 3.3.2 Theoretical exploration and design practice of early modern architects |
| 3.3.2.1 Le Corbusier |
| 3.3.2.2 Louis Kkahn |
| 3.3.2.3 Alvar Aalto |
| 3.3.2.4 Frank Lloyd Wright and Organic Architecture |
| 3.3.2.5 Richard Buckminster Fuller |
| 3.3.3 Theoretical exploration and design practice of bioclimatic design since modern times |
| 3.3.3.1 Hassan Fathy |
| 3.3.3.2 Charles Correa |
| 3.3.3.3 Ralph Erskin |
| 3.3.3.4 Thomas Herzog |
| 3.4 Summary |
| CHAPTER FOUR: -BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN PROCESS |
| 4.0 Bioclimatic design process and its analytical method |
| 4.1 Bioclimatic design process |
| 4.2 Technical analysis methods for bioclimatic design |
| 4.2.1 Sun Path map and bar shadow map |
| 4.2.1.1 A solar plot |
| 4.2.1.2 Shadow bar |
| 4.2.2 Principle of wind roses and air movement |
| 4.2.2.1 Wind roses |
| 4.2.2.2 Air movement principles |
| 4.3 Bioclimatic analysis methods and their evaluation |
| 4.3.1 Methodology for the use of bioclimatic maps |
| 4.3.2 Evaluation of bioclimatic maps |
| 4.3.3 Use of bioclimatic diagrams for buildings |
| 4.3.4 Evaluation of architectural bioclimatic maps |
| 4.4 Summary |
| CHAPTER FIVE: -BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGIES |
| 5.0 Bioclimatic design strategies |
| 5.1 Bioclimatic design strategy for exterior space scale of buildings |
| 5.2 |
| 5.3 C.Bioclimatic design strategy |
| 5.4 In the summary of this chapter, |
| CHAPTER SIX: -BIOCLIMATIC DESIGN STRATEGY IN HOT SUMMER ANDCOLD WINTER AREA |
| 6.1 Background introduction of hot summer and cold winter zone |
| 6.1.1 Geographical range of hot summer and cold winter area |
| 6.1.2 The topography of hot summer and cold winter zone |
| 6.1.3 Climatic characteristics |
| 6.1.4 Energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter regions and solar energy resources |
| 6.1.4.1 Energy consumption in hot summer and cold winter regions |
| 6.1.4.2 The status of solar energy resources in hot summer and cold winter regions |
| 6.2 Bioclimatic design analysis of hot summer and cold winter regions |
| 6.2.1 Architecture of major cities in hot summer and cold winter regions |
| 6.2.1.1 Nanjing bioclimatic analysis |
| 6.2.1.2 Shanghai bioclimatic analysis |
| 6.2.1.3 Bioclimatic analysis of Chengdu |
| 6.2.1.4 Bioclimatic analysis of Wuhan |
| 6.2.1.5 Nanchang bioclimatic analysis |
| 6.2.1.6 Summary |
| 6.2.2 Reflections on the use of bioclimatic design in buildings in hot summer and cold winterregions |
| 6.2.2.1 Reflections on"cold"and"hot"regions cold is an obstacle to survival and hot is anobstacle to comfort |
| 6.2.3 Bioclimatic design principles in hot summer and cold winter regions |
| 6.3 Analysis of climate strategy of rural buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas in China |
| 6.3.1 Microclimate selection for adaptation to regional climate |
| 6.3.1.1 Settlement site selection:from the macro level |
| 6.3.1.2 Settlement layout and wind environment: |
| 6.3.1.3 Dense buildings layout and narrow street space |
| 6.3.1.4 Settlement layout and water greening |
| 6.3.2 Building units adapted to regional climate |
| 6.3.2.1 Spatial layout of buildings |
| 6.3.2.2 Organization of courtyards and Patios |
| 6.3.3 Building elements adapted to regional climate |
| 6.3.3.1 Walls for ventilation and thermal insulation |
| 6.3.3.2 For the maintenance of rain protection structure |
| 6.3.4 in summary |
| 6.4 bioclimatic design strategy for buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone |
| 6.4.1 Climate design strategy for buildings in exterior space scale |
| 6.4.1.1 Heat island effect and its utilization and improvement |
| 6.4.1.2 Layout and ventilation of buildings |
| 6.5 SUMMARY |
| CHAPTER SEVEN: -CONCLUSION |
| 7.0 Conclusion |
| 7.1 The research conclusion of this paper |
| 7.2 Unfinished research work |
| 参考文献REFERENCES |
| 攻读学位期间取得的研究成果 |
| 致谢Acknowledgement |
（9）评估水源和使用点的水质：西非马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA公社的案例研究（论文提纲范文）
| Abstract |
| 摘要 |
| Chapter 1. Introduction |
| 1.1 Country Background |
| 1.2 Research Background |
| 1.3 Problem Statement and Justification |
| 1.4 Research objective |
| 1.4.1 General objective |
| 1.4.2 Specific objectives |
| 1.5 Outline of the thesis |
| Chapter 2. Literature Review |
| 2.1 Introduction |
| 2.2 Human perception on groundwater quality |
| 2.3 Drinking water quality |
| 2.3.1 Groundwater quality |
| 2.3.1.1 Bacteriological quality |
| 2.3.1.2 Physicochemical quality |
| 2.3.2 Concept of Sanitary Survey |
| 2.3.3 Water quality standards |
| 2.4 Water pollution |
| 2.5 Sources of pollution |
| 2.5.1 Domestic discharges |
| 2.5.2 Agricultural discharges |
| 2.5.3 Industrial discharges |
| 2.5.4 Environmental problems |
| 2.5.5 Urbanization |
| 2.6 Main pollutants |
| 2.6.1 Biological pollutants |
| 2.6.1.1 Bacterial pollution |
| 2.6.1.2 Viral pollution |
| 2.6.1.3 Parasitic pollution |
| 2.6.1.3.1 Helminths |
| 2.6.1.3.2 Protozoa |
| 2.6.1.4 Water algae |
| 2.6.2 Chemical pollutants |
| 2.6.2.1 Mineral chemical elements |
| 2.6.2.2 Heavy metals |
| 2.6.3 Toxic organic pollutants |
| 2.6.3.1 Pesticides |
| 2.6.3.2 Detergents |
| 2.6.3.3 Hydrocarbons |
| 2.6.4 Pathways for Contamination by behaviors related to water collection, and storage |
| 2.7 Impact Water on Health |
| 2.7.1 Wateibome diseases |
| 2.7.1.1 Bacterial diseases |
| 2.7.1.1.1 Cholera |
| 2.7.1.1.2 Typhoid fever |
| 2.7.1.1.3 Gastroenteritis |
| 2.7.1.1.4 Dysentery |
| 2.7.1.2 viral diseases |
| 2.7.1.2.1 Hepatitis A |
| 2.7.1.2.2 Poliomyelitis |
| 2.7.1.3 Parasitic diseases |
| 2.7.2 Risks related to the presence of chemicals in water |
| 2.7.3 Risks related to lack of water |
| 2.7.4 Water Risk Management |
| 2.7.5 Water risk assessment |
| 2.7.5.1 Chemical risk assessment |
| 2.7.5.2 Microbiological risk assessment |
| 2.8 Drinking water treatment |
| 2.8.1 Surface water tretatment |
| 2.8.1.1 Pretreatment |
| 2.8.1.2 Pre-oxidation |
| 2.8.1.3 Clarification |
| 2.8.1.3.1 Coagulation |
| 2.8.1.3.2 Flocculation |
| 2.8.1.3.3 Decantation |
| 2.8.1.3.4 Filtration |
| 2.8.1.4 Disinfection |
| 2.8.1.5 Refining |
| 2.8.2 Groundwater treatment |
| Chapter 3. Materials And Methods |
| 3.1 Description of the study area |
| 3.2 Ethics approval |
| 3.3 Research Design and Methods |
| 3.4 Fieldwork |
| 3.4.1 Making contact with the population |
| 3.4.2 Questionnaire Surveys |
| 3.4.3 Focus Group Discussions |
| 3.4.4 Key Informant Interviews |
| 3.4.5 Sanitary Inspections |
| 3.5 Preparation of survey tools |
| 3.5.1 Observation of the study perimeter and location of sources |
| 3.5.2 Household surveys of source users |
| 3.6 Sampling |
| 3.6.1 Choice of sites |
| 3.6.2 Water samples collection |
| 3.6.2.1 Sampling techniques |
| 3.6.2.2 Sample transport |
| 3.7 Analytical methods |
| 3.7.1 Physico-chemical analysis |
| 3.7.1.1 Temperature measurement |
| 3.7.1.2 Measurement of hydrogen potential (pH) |
| 3.7.1.3 Electrical conductivity (EC) measurement |
| 3.7.1.4 TDS determination |
| 3.7.1.5 Turbidity measurement |
| 3.7.1.6 Determination of chlorides |
| 3.7.1.7 Determination of nitrates and phosphates |
| 3.7.1.8 Determination of nitrites (NO_2~-) |
| 3.7.1.9 Determination of heavy metals |
| 3.7.2 Microbiological analyses of water samples |
| 3.7.2.1 Enumeration of Total Coliforms and Faecal Coliforms |
| 3.7.2.2 Enumeration of faecal enterococci |
| 3.8 Statistical analysis |
| Chapter 4. Assessment of The Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water In Light of WaterQuality, Sanitation And Hygiene Education Provision |
| 4.1 Introduction |
| 4.2 Results |
| 4.2.1 Sources and reason for frequenting, and Storage of drinking water |
| 4.2.2 Sanitation and Hygiene |
| 4.2.3 Indicator of bacterial enumeration per 100 ml water sample |
| 4.2.4 Prevalence of total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal enterococci |
| 4.2.5 Isolated bacteria |
| 4.3 Discussion |
| Chapter 5. An Assessment of Some Water Quality Properties From Different Sources |
| 5.1 Introduction |
| 5.2 Results and Discussion |
| 5.2.1 The drinking water sources and perception on water quality |
| 5.2.2 Physico-chemical parameters |
| 5.2.3 PCA profiles of correlation of different parameters |
| Chapter 6. Investigation of The Water Quality of Daily Used Surface Sources For Drinking AndIrrigation |
| 6.1 Introduction |
| 6.2 Materials and Methods |
| 6.2.1 Study area and sampling sites |
| 6.3 Results |
| 6.3.1 Sensory parameters |
| 6.3.2 Water quality assessment using different water parameters |
| 6.4 Discussion |
| 6.4.1 Correlation of physical parameters |
| 6.4.2 Correlation of chemical parameters |
| 6.4.3 Correlation of biological parameters |
| Chapter 7. Drinking Water Quality And Risk For Human Health |
| 7.1 Introduction |
| 7.2 Results |
| 7.2.1 Physical parameters |
| 7.2.2 Chemical parameters |
| 7.2.3 Heavy metals |
| 7.2.4 Bacterial contamination |
| 7.2.5 Health Survey Results |
| 7.3 Discussion |
| Chapter 8. General Conclusions And Recommendations |
| 8.1 Conclusions |
| 8.1.1 Water quality, availability and perceptions |
| 8.1.2 Sustainability of water sources with respect to drinking and domestic services |
| 8.2 Recommendations |
| 8.3 Future research needs |
| References |
| Appendix A: Water points observation Form |
| Appendix B: Onsite Sanitary Inspection Form |
| Appendix C: Questionnaire for Household Survey |
| Appendix D: Attitudes/knowledge towards waterborne diseases |
| Papers published during the doctoral study |
| Acknowledgements |
（10）马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA居民家庭用水管理研究（论文提纲范文）
| 摘要 |
| ABSTRACT |
| 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION |
| 1.1 Research Background, Purpose and Significance |
| 1.2 Country and Research Background |
| 1.2.1 Research Objective |
| 1.2.2 Significance of Research |
| 1.3 Status Related of Research at Home and Abroad |
| 1.3.1 Foreign Research Status |
| 1.3.2 Status of Domestic Research |
| 1.3.3 Review of Domestic and Foreign Research |
| 1.4 Research Content and Methods |
| 1.4.1 Research Content |
| 1.4.2 Research Methods |
| 1.5 Technical Route |
| 2 RELATED THEORY OF WATER AND WATER GOVERNANCE INSTITUTION |
| 2.1 Related Concepts of Water |
| 2.1.1 Theoretical Framework of Water Resources |
| 2.1.2 Household Water Supply in Mali |
| 2.1.3 Domestic Water Using |
| 2.1.4 Source of Household Water |
| 2.1.5 Household Water Treatment |
| 2.1.6 Different Methods of Household Water Treatment in Mali |
| 2.2 Governance of Water Institution in Mali |
| 2.2.1 Water Resources Policy in Mali |
| 2.2.2 Evolution of Water Law Sector |
| 2.2.3 Sustainability of Water Resources in Mali |
| 2.2.4 Theory of Water Resources Allocation |
| 2.2.5 Public Water Resources Governance |
| 2.2.6 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT |
| 2.3 Review of Chapter |
| 3 CURRENT SITUATION OF HOUSEHOLD WATER IN PELENGANA |
| 3.1 Overview of Using Water in Mali |
| 3.2 Water Resources Problems in Mali |
| 3.2.1 High Household Water Consumption |
| 3.2.2 Microbiological Problems of Water Quality |
| 3.2.3 Physical Problems of Water |
| 3.2.4 Problems of Water Transportation |
| 3.2.5 Problems of water storage |
| 3.2.6 Problems of Water Pollution |
| 3.3 Review of Chapter |
| 4 CHAPTER FOUR ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT PROBLEMS OF WATER |
| 4.1 High Consumption of Water Household |
| 4.1.1 Social-Economic Characteristics of the Surveyed People |
| 4.1.2 Household Water Consumption by Men and Women Surveyed People |
| 4.1.3 Analysis of water conservation practices for men and women |
| 4.2 Analysis of Water Quality |
| 4.2.1 Microbiological Analysis of Water Quality |
| 4.2.2 Sources and Storage of household water |
| 4.2.3 Prevalence of total coli form on water, fecal coli form and enterococci |
| 4.2.4 Bacteria isolated from sources in different season |
| 4.3 Review of Chapter |
| 5 CHAPTER FIVE SUGGESTIONS FOR RESOLVING HOUSEHOLD WATERPROBLEMS IN COMMUNE OF PELENGANA |
| 5.1 Reform the Policy of Water Governance |
| 5.2 Need to Improve the Transportation and Storage of Water |
| 5.3 Preventing Water Pollution |
| 5.4 Review of Chapter |
| Conclusion |
| References |
| Appendices |
| Academic papers published during the degree study |
| Acknowledgement |
四、Wind erosion at the dry-up bottom of Aiby Lake——A case study on the source of air dust（论文参考文献）
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- [8]生物气候设计与建筑设计的研究[D]. BALA HISHAM SHARIF. 绍兴文理学院, 2020(03)
- [9]评估水源和使用点的水质：西非马里SEGOU地区PELENGANA公社的案例研究[D]. 阿玛度（Amadou TOURE）. 东北林业大学, 2020(01)
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